Quantum vs. Classical Computers

A Beginner's Guide to The Future of Computing

Enoch KM Published on 4 October 2024 | 8:23 AM Updated on 15 July 2025 | 1:34 PM

Cyber Conflict Image — Image showing an IBM quantum computer. Source:IBM

Imagine a powerful computer that could solve incredibly complex problems in minutes, problems that would take billions of years for even the fastest classical computers to crack, such as discovering new drugs or designing advanced materials. This isn't science fiction; it's the emerging reality of quantum computing.

Classical Computers: The Basics

Most of us are familiar with classical computers, which use bits (0s and 1s) to store and process information. Think of a bit like a light switch: it can be either on (1) or off (0).

superposition principle — Image showing Razer Classical Desktop Gaming Computer. Source: Razer

Quantum Computers: A Leap Beyond

Quantum computers use qubits, which leverage phenomena like superposition and entanglement. Superposition allows a qubit to represent both 0 and 1 simultaneously, while entanglement links qubits together in a way that their states are intertwined, even when physically separated. This collective power allows quantum computers to explore multiple possibilities simultaneously, making them incredibly efficient for specific, complex tasks.

Why Does This Matter?

Speed: Quantum computers can tackle incredibly complex problems much faster than classical computers. For instance, they can factor large numbers a key task in current cryptography at speeds that could one day break many of today's encryption methods, leading to a new field of post-quantum cryptography.
New Applications: They have the potential to transform areas like drug discovery, materials science, and artificial intelligence.

Recent Advances in Quantum Computing

Despite some challenges, significant progress has been made:

Larger Quantum Computers: Researchers have built quantum computers with more qubits, enhancing their power.

Improved Quantum Gates: The basic components of quantum circuits have become more reliable and efficient.

Quantum Algorithms: New algorithms have been developed to solve specific problems that classical computers can't handle.

Quantum Cloud Computing: Companies are now offering quantum computing as a cloud service, making it accessible to researchers and businesses.

Challenges Ahead

While quantum computing is promising, there are hurdles to overcome:

Fragility of Qubits: Qubits are inherently delicate and highly sensitive to their environment. Even small disturbances like temperature fluctuations or electromagnetic interference can disrupt their fragile quantum states, leading to errors in calculations. This qubit fragility is one of the biggest challenges in building stable quantum computers.

One of the biggest challenges in quantum computing is the fragility of qubits.

Unlike classical bits, which are relatively stable, qubits are highly sensitive to their environment. Even the slightest disturbance can disrupt their quantum state and cause errors in calculations. To address these issues, researchers are focusing on:

Isolation: Creating controlled environments to reduce external interference.

Error Correction: Developing methods to detect and fix errors during calculations.

Quantum Error-Correcting Codes: Just like classical computers use codes to ensure data accuracy, quantum researchers are creating similar methods for qubits. While challenges are significant, they are not insurmountable. As scientists continue to make breakthroughs, we’ are getting closer to a future where quantum computers can harness the power of quantum mechanics for groundbreaking applications.

Looking to the Future

Although these challenges are significant, they are not insurmountable. Ongoing research is steadily paving the way toward a future where quantum computers can fully leverage quantum mechanics for groundbreaking applications.

Conclusion:

Quantum computing represents a major shift in technology. While it faces challenges, the potential benefits are enormous, and we anticipate quantum computers will become increasingly practical by 2030 or so. As researchers work to overcome these obstacles, we can expect them to revolutionize fields like drug discovery, materials science, and artificial intelligence. The future of computing is bright, and quantum technology is set to play a crucial role in shaping it.

References

[1] Farooq, M., Khan, R., & Khan, M. H. (n.d.). QuantIoT: Novel Quantum-Resistant Cryptographic Algorithm for Securing IoT Devices.
[2] Schneider, J., & Smalley, I. (n.d.). IBM Quantum Computing. Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/topics/quantum-computing
[3] https://newsroom.ibm.com/media-quantum-innovation?keywords=quantum&l=100
[4] Massmann, R. G., Grantham, N. M., & Mailewa, A. B. (n.d.). Quantum Computing: An Assessment into the Impacts of Post-Quantum Cryptography. St. Cloud State University.

Author: Enoch Singano

Lead Tech Researcher & Senior Blog Writer

Enoch Singano is a global-minded Cybersecurity Specialist and Post-Quantum Security Researcher from Malawi, with a strong foundation in ethical hacking, defensive security, cryptography, and emerging tech security. Holding a Bachelor’s degree in Information Technology (IT) and more than 15 industry-recognized certifications, he has represented Africa on global platforms—including the 2022 International CyberSecurity Challenge (Greece), the 2023 Lesotho Public Financial Management Hackathon (1st place), and the 20th United Nations Internet Governance Forum (IGF) in Norway, where he spoke as a 2025 Internet Society Youth Ambassador, advocating for a secure, safe, and inclusive internet.

Enoch’s work is driven by the rising cyber risks posed by disruptive technologies such as quantum computing, AI, and the Internet of Things (IoT). His current research focuses on post-quantum encryption methods to secure IoT devices a critical step toward ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and resilience in smart homes and connected systems across Sub-Saharan Africa & Malawi. This mission directly supports UN SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities & Communities) as he champions robust digital ecosystems and cyber-safe communities in emerging economies.

Reviewer & Editor: Maryam Kaisi

Senior Content Creator & Blog Writer

Maryam is a PhD student at Yemyung Graduate University in South Korea. She holds a Master's Degree in Public Management (Public Administration and Leadership) from the Korea Development Institute School of Public Policy and Management. With over 8 years of experience, she is a seasoned journalist and a creative communications specialist adept at developing and implementing effective communication strategies. Maryam excels in change communication, social media management, campaign and advocacy, organizing outreach activities, community mobilization, and project management. Her expertise and passion for communication not only enrich the blog but also make her an invaluable asset across various domains, ensuring that the content resonates with and engages the audience effectively.